Draft standard

CAN-ASC-2.4 – Wayfinding and Signage

11. Wayfinding

Information

Designation number

CAN-ASC-2.4

Priority area

Built environment

Status

Public review

Developed by

Accessibility Standards Canada

Date posted

January

2026

Publication date

Expected summer

2027

Table of contents

11.1 General

Wayfinding systems, including those used to identify landmarks and decision points, should present information that is easy to locate, read, and understand. Effective wayfinding enables individuals to:

understand the site conditions they may encounter;
know their position relative to other key locations;
orient themselves in an appropriate and safe direction; and
discover new destinations and services independently.

Wayfinding shall:

support orientation through variations in acoustics, surface textures, lighting, and colour following the principle of multi-sensory accessibility, ensuring they are available in formats suitable for individuals with sensory impairments;
provide supportive measures in combinations, i.e., audible and tactile; audible and visual;
be supported through tactile direction indicators (TWSIs) in combination with audible, tactile and visual cues in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas;
indicate changes in direction when TWSIs are used in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas;
have detectable paths of travel with visual contrast against adjacent walls to facilitate navigation in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas; and
have paths of travel maintain a minimum luminance contrast with the surrounding environment, as outlined in Clause 10.2, in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas.

Note 1: Wayfinding systems complement but do not replace the need for accessible customer service.

Note 2: Consider ambient noise levels, placement options, and identification of tactile information to assess whether visual information should be supported by audible and tactile elements.

Note 3: For ease of navigation and to help facilitate wayfinding have paths of travel that intersect at perpendicular angles whenever possible.

11.2 Obstacles

Decorative objects, trees, planters and other items are often placed along paths of travel. While it is important to beautify the environment to create an atmosphere, the information below will be helpful for establishing ways to achieve what is needed without endangering others.

11.2.1 Obstacles on paths of travel

Paths of travel shall:

comply with CSA/ASC B651:23;
not have wayfinding or signage elements obstruct the path of travel in accordance with CSA/ASC B651:23;
have visually contrasting markings to highlight the presence of transparent obstacles, such as glass walls or panels; and
have maintenance plans with provisions for the clearing and repair of all wayfinding and signage elements that are part of the space.

Note: Where protruding objects cannot be removed, they should be placed outside paths of travel or recessed so as not to reduce the width required for unobstructed passage for all persons.

11.2.2 Bollards in paths of travel

Bollards in paths of travel shall:

be placed in accordance with CSA/ASC B651:23;
have a height between 500 mm and 1200 mm to facilitate detection by pedestrians and motorists;
have visual contrast markings in an upper position to be easily detected;
avoid being placed in a triangular or U-shape arrangement as they present a barrier for wheeled mobility devices; and
have a form of ground level detection, plinth or tapping rail when they are wider at the top than at ground level to allow detection.

Note 1: Bollards should have a consistent profile throughout their height from ground level.

Note 2: Where possible, bollards should not be linked with ropes or chains as this presents a hazard to pedestrians.

Note 3: Flexible bollards that can withstand low-speed vehicular impact and return to their original position may be considered near pedestrian crossings to enhance visibility and protect pedestrian zones, where fixed bollards are not feasible.

11.3 Walking surfaces of interior and exterior paths of travel

Interior paths of travel are used to navigate indoor environments in buildings, and large complexes. Exterior paths of travel are used to navigate pathways outside of a building.

Walking surfaces of interior and exterior paths of travel in the built environment shall:

be firm, stable, slip resistant, and free of glare;
avoid the use of busy patterns that can result in visual confusion and disorientation;
use consistent floor surface texture to identify the same type of hazard; and
support orientation and wayfinding at critical navigation points through additional illumination, increased visual contrast, and tactile elements, such as material changes (textural changes) or TWSI.

Note 1: Textural changes may be used to indicate non-hazardous features such as seating areas where TWSIs are not required. Textural changes can complement, but should not replace TWSIs where safety or accessibility compliance is required.

Note 2: In large open outdoor and indoor areas, different textured surfaces should differentiate paths of travel from adjacent areas.

11.3.1 Additional specifications for exterior paths of travel

Exterior paths of travel shall:

for paved surfaces:
1. have pedestrian and cycling zones that are physically separated and cane-detectable;
2. have a continuous clear visual and tactile detectable delineation between pedestrian and cycling zones, such as a 300 mm grass section for easy detection, or be on different levels such as the street and the sidewalk;
3. incorporate distinctive surface materials, such as tiles, at intersections or key decision points in outdoor plazas to help users identify critical areas and make informed navigation choices;
4. be simple and not interfere with orientation or safe street crossings when used in decorative crosswalks, including elements such as colour, design, imagery, texture, or material that enhance aesthetics beyond standard crosswalk treatments; and
5. include two white transverse lines bordering the crosswalk (for all crosswalks).
for paved and unpaved surfaces:
1. include identification of the location and nature of the path(s) to the building at the entrance(s) to the site, from any parking space, and at decision points (intersections) within the site;
2. provide a dedicated pedestrian pathway that is visually and tactilely separated from other modes of transportation, such as scooters and bicycles;
3. use contrasting colours for pathway edges against the surrounding landscape to support wayfinding (e.g., a light-coloured path against darker greenery allows individuals to better differentiate the route and follow it more easily);
4. feature high-contrast railings along pathways or near stairs to enhance visibility; and
5. connect accessible parking spaces and drop-off zones that are connected to the accessible entrance.

Note 1: Avoid shared infrastructures, including cycling paths between access points to buses and public transportation, as they are not considered accessible.

Note 2: Architectural elements may be included to help maintain visibility of wayfinding and signage elements during different seasons.

Note 3: Decorative crosswalks should be avoided across roadways that have high volumes of traffic or a high percentage of truck traffic, or both, specifically, major and minor arterial roadways.

Note 4: Unpaved paths of travel should be separated from faster moving vehicles (e.g., scooters, bicycles, e-bikes, electric cars) to enhance the safety of people of all abilities.

11.4 Tactile Walking Surface Indicator (TWSI)

Note: This Standard uses the terminology “attention indicator” and “direction indicator” to align with other National Standards of Canada. International Standards may use different terminology such as “attention pattern” and “direction pattern.”

11.4.1 Design according to function

11.4.1.1 General requirements

TWSIs shall:

be placed in areas lacking constructed or natural navigation cues;
be arranged in a clear and structured sequence, with defined start and end points, marking intersections, decision points, or potential hazards along the way;
be of enough depth in the direction of travel to provide adequate detectability and appropriate response by the users, such as stopping and turning;
have their starting point well-defined and easily identifiable, aligning with constructed and natural navigation cues; and
have a smooth adjacent walking surface of at least 600 mm wide.

Note 1: TWSIs are not to be used to compensate for inadequate design.

Note 2: TWSIs can additionally be installed independently to mark hazards or specific locations for individuals to navigate from one destination to another safely.

Note 3: TWSIs can be used to accommodate a range of accessibility requirements and support safe and independent navigation. TWSIs also allow users to orient themselves effectively at intersections and directional crosswalks.

Note 4: Smooth adjacent surfaces make TWSIs easier to detect and distinguish by foot or cane. To reduce confusion, paving joints or gaps should be minimized. Where unavoidable, such gaps should be limited in coverage and kept narrow and shallow to prevent interference with tactile cues.

11.4.1.2 TWSI detection

TWSIs shall:

ensure detectability underfoot and with a long white cane;
ensure clear differentiation between direction and attention indicators for individuals who rely on them for navigation;
be placed adjacent to or surrounded by smooth surfaces to support effective detection; and
feature a slip-resistant surface (see Annex A).

Note 1: Different slip resistances between the TWSI and adjacent surfaces should be avoided.

Note 2: A consistent pattern should be maintained for each type of TWSI in order to prevent confusion.

Note 3: The slip resistance of TWSIs should also respect the criteria presented for slip resistance of other surfaces in CAN-ASC-2.3 (draft).

11.4.2 Attention indicator surfaces

11.4.2.1 General

Attention indicators shall:

only be used to identify potential hazards or provide guidance at intersecting points in a path;
be standard within a building, facility, site, or complex of buildings;
be clearly differentiated from direction indicators; and
extend across the full width of a path of travel and perpendicular to the direction of travel when approaching a hazard.

Note 1: It’s important to provide consistent safety information so that people will recognize potentially dangerous situations in any location.

Note 2: In outdoor environments, cast iron is a durable material which doesn’t create glare and provides contrast.

Note 3: In indoor environments, the use of carpet, changes in flooring or the use of different materials at intersecting corridors provides useful wayfinding information.

11.4.2.2 Location

Except when the location is protected by a guard complying with clause 6.16.4 of CAN-ASC-2.1 (draft), an attention indicator shall be at the following locations:

Stairs and ramps:
1. at the tops of stairs and ramps;
2. at landings where there is a door leading onto the landing; and
3. at landings longer than 2,100 mm where there are no continuous handrails.
Note: When installed at the bottom of a ramp ensure that a proper setback is used so that wheeled mobility device users are not destabilized at the bottom of the ramp but detection of the ramp is still possible for other users requiring the warning.
In outdoor spaces:
1. be continuous across the width of the stair with a maximum gap of 75 mm to the end of the tread;
2. have a depth between 600 mm and 650 mm, starting one tread depth from the edge of the stair; and
3. be provided at:
  1. each intermediate landing that has an entrance into a stair system;
  2. where the regular stairway pattern is broken; and
  3. where the run of the landing is greater than 2100 mm in length and does not have a continuous handrail.
Paved and unprotected drop-off edge where:
1. the change in elevation is greater than 250 mm; or
2. the slope is steeper than in a ratio of 1:3 (33%).
Both sides of ground-level railway crossings.
Exposed perimeters of reflecting pools and fountains.
Curb ramps and depressed curbs.
Access points to a vehicular pathway or zone where no curbs or physical barriers distinguish paths of travel from vehicle travel areas.
Where there is a hazard.
Where there is a change in direction within a tactile guidance path using direction indicators.
Where an amenity is present along a tactile path to aid in identification.

Note: At changes in direction within direction indicators, attention indicators should be configured in a square pattern centered on the direction indicators, with each side of the square being 600 – 650 mm.

11.4.2.3 Placement

Attention indicators shall:

span the entire width of the hazard, covering all approach directions when signalling a hazard, and be positioned at least 300 mm away from the hazard;
be positioned 300 mm from the sidewalk edge when indicating a pedestrian crossing;
be installed at a 90° angle to the travel direction while extending across the full width of the crossing;
be positioned 300 mm away from the curb edge when used to mark at-grade curbs separating sidewalks from vehicle lanes;
be placed at the top landing in buildings where a staircase is located in an open space; and
be arranged to ensure clear visibility of the first and last steps when used at stair landings to avoid any visual confusion.

Note: To reduce the likelihood of tripping or stumbling, stair flights and landings made of different materials should have similar frictional properties.

11.4.2.4 Luminance contrast

Luminance contrast for attention indicator surfaces shall:

have a difference in light reflectance or CIE Y-value with their immediate surrounding surface, greater than 30 points for integrated units and greater than 40 points for discrete units, with a minimum reflectance value of the lighter surface of 50 points; and
be achieved between the attention indicators and the surrounding area. If the required contrast cannot be attained, a continuous band of at least 100 mm wide with suitable contrast shall be placed adjacent to the attention indicators.

Note 1: Integrated units are single components that consist of domes, cones, or elongated bars formed together on a base surface or plate.

Note 2: Discrete units are independently installed tactile elements, such as domes, cones, or elongated bars, that are incorporated into ground or flooring surfaces as separate components.

Note 3: The effective area of the attention indicators should have a high visual contrast (see also Clause 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3) with the immediate surrounding pedestrian surface in both wet and dry conditions.

11.4.2.5 Configuration

Configuration of attention indicators is important to ensure their effectiveness when in use.

11.4.2.5.1 Arrangements of a single plate

Attention indicators design shall:

have truncated domes or cones positioned in a square grid pattern, either aligned parallel or set at a 45° angle to the primary direction of travel; and
have edges bevelled or level with the surrounding surface (e.g., height of 3 mm or less) to avoid tripping.

Note: The diagonal configuration tends to be easier to detect for cane users.

11.4.2.5.2 Dome height

Truncated domes or cones shall have a height ranging between 4 to 5 mm.

Note: Truncated domes or cones are more noticeable when adjacent to smooth surfaces like rubber, plastic or metal rather than rougher materials such as manufactured paving stones or textured concrete.

11.4.2.5.3 Dome diameter

Truncated domes or cones shall:

have a top diameter between 12 mm and 25 mm, as indicated in Table 3;
have the bottom diameter 9 mm to 11 mm larger than the top diameter; and
have an allowable variation in the top diameter that does not exceed ±1 mm.

Note: A 12 mm top diameter is considered the most effective size for individuals to detect and differentiate through the soles of their shoes.

Table 3 — Dome diameter and spacing combinations

(See Clauses 11.4.2.5.3 and 11.4.2.5.4)

This table provides the top diameter, base diameter, and spacing requirements for flat-topped domes or cones.

Top diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)	Base diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)	Spacing between the centres of adjacent domes or cones (mm)
12	21 to 23	42 to 61
15	24 to 26	45 to 63
18	27 to 29	48 to 65
20	29 to 31	50 to 68
25	34 to 36	55 to 70

11.4.2.5.4 Dome spacing

Dome spacing shall have a minimum distance between the centre points of two neighbouring truncated domes or cones, whether aligned parallel or at a 45° diagonal angle to the travel direction, in accordance with the ranges specified in Table 3.

11.4.2.5.5 Dimensions of attention indicators

This Clause does not apply to railway platforms, where national laws, regulations, and standards take precedence.

Attention indicators shall:

be installed cross the full width of the hazard when used as hazard indicators;
have a depth between 600 mm and 650 mm, with one side aligned to the edge of the hazard; and
have an increased depth to enhance detectability and allow for a longer stopping distance when no set-back is present.

11.4.3 Direction indicator surfaces

Before installing direction indicators, input from users should be obtained, and user testing should be completed. Consistency is paramount when installing these features. Direction indicator surfaces may be placed at transportation terminals and stations, as well as open spaces such as plazas or public spaces.

11.4.3.1 General

In large or open spaces, a tactile pathway or guiding line for navigation is required.

Direction indicators shall:

be used to indicate directional orientation especially where no other clues in the built environment indicate the path to follow; and
not rely on natural guiding patterns in areas where hazardous situations, such as driveways or vehicle entrances, are present.

Note 1: Direction indicators are recommended for safety and guidance in outdoor environments.

Note 2: The designated route should connect the entrance with all key locations throughout the premises, including but not limited to service desks, elevators, stairs, and escalators.

Note 3: An overuse of tactile direction indicator paths may lead to confusion. In a confined area, such as a lobby or transit facility, one or two paths should be sufficient.

Note 4: Some existing elements of the built or natural environment provide wayfinding clues so that Direction Indicator Surfaces may not be required. Examples include:

a wall adjacent to the sidewalk if it goes straight and there are no obstacles or other hazards;
a small wall, hedge, or curb (i.e., there are no acoustic cues and these elements may be detected only with a long white cane);
a covered walkway which provides acoustic wayfinding cues; and
corridors up to 3 m wide inside a building that are free of obstacles and provide acoustic cues. However, if the corridor includes rooms or offices open to the public, a tactile path and braille/tactile signage are essential.

11.4.3.2 Luminance contrast

Direction indicators shall:

have a luminance-contrast of at least 50 % with the surrounding surface;
have an adjoining continuous luminance contrast band at least 100 mm wide installed adjacent to it when the required contrast is not achievable; and
not be yellow.

Note: Direction indicators are not yellow to differentiate from attention indicators.

11.4.3.3 Configuration

11.4.3.3.1 Arrangements

A direction indicator shall be constructed of parallel flat-topped elongated bars with a maximum end-to-end spacing of 30 mm that extend in the direction of travel.

11.4.3.3.2 Height of bars

Flat-topped elongated bars shall have a height between 4 mm and 5 mm.

Note 1: In indoor settings with highly smooth surfaces, a height of at least 4 mm is recommended.

Note 2: Flat-topped elongated bars are more easily detectable when placed adjacent to extremely smooth surfaces, such as plastic, metal, or rubber, compared to rougher materials like textured concrete or manufactured paving stones.

Note 3: Excessive height beyond the required level for effective detectability may increase the risk of tripping.

11.4.3.3.3 Length of bars

Flat-topped elongated bars shall:

have a top length of more than 270 mm with the bottom length extending an additional 9 mm to 11 mm beyond the top; and
have a drainage gap between 10 mm and 30 mm to allow proper water flow if there is risk for water build up between them.

11.4.3.3.4 Bar width

Flat-topped elongated bars shall:

have their top width range between 17 mm and 30 mm as detailed in Table 4; and
have their bottom width 9 mm to 11 mm larger than the top width.

Note: A 17 mm top width is considered the most effective dimension for individuals to detect and differentiate using the soles of their shoes.

Table 4 — Flat-topped elongated bar width and spacing combinations

(See Clauses 11.4.3.3.4 and 11.4.3.3.5)

This table provides the top width, base width, and spacing requirements for flat-topped elongated bars.

Top diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)	Base diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)	Spacing between the centres of adjacent domes or cones (mm)
17	26 to 28	57 to 78
20	29 to 31	60 to 80
25	34 to 36	65 to 83
30	39 to 41	70 to 85

11.4.3.3.5 Bar spacing

Bar spacing is the measured distance between the centrelines of adjacent flat-topped, elongated bars.

The bar spacing shall:

correspond to the top width, as specified in Table 4; and
have a top width tolerance of ±1 mm.

11.4.3.3.6 Width of pattern

The width of a direction indicator shall:

be between 250 and 300 mm when installed to a defined route; and
if installed across a path of travel as an indicator of a facility or changing diverging route:
1. be between 600 and 650 mm; and
2. have the elongated bars running in the direction toward the facility or changing route.

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4. Technical Committee Members

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5. Preface

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6. Introduction

6.1 Background

This Standard provides information about more inclusive ways to allow everyone to navigate indoor and outdoor environments effectively, safely and efficiently. Signs and navigational cues are found everywhere, but they are not always accessible to those who need to use them. Everyone in Canada has the right to interact with environments effectively, safely, and efficiently. While the standard will apply initially only to federal facilities, other jurisdictions will be encouraged to adopt this standard and develop regulations to implement it. Consultation with and testing by persons with disabilities is an essential part of whatever is being considered. The technical committee understands that different disabilities impact the way people access information or gain understanding of messages that are conveyed by signage and wayfinding. During the development of this Standard, the technical committee considered many factors, including lighting, colour contrast, visibility, tactile and braille requirements, vibration when needed, audible and electronic information, and placement of navigational cues. In addition, the advancement of technological solutions for signage and wayfinding has been included in the standard to allow its users to understand what must be considered when making technological choices that may benefit persons with disabilities as they navigate indoor or outdoor environments. Best practices have been outlined to assist with consultation and decision-making regarding the universal impact, affordability and usefulness of elements included in the design of indoor and outdoor spaces. New trends in urban design relate to person-centered living. One of these is pedestrianization, i.e., where neighbourhoods or streets are built for restricted pedestrian traffic only. This requires very careful consideration of the accessibility challenges it can inadvertently create. We hope this standard can help navigate these and other changes. While every attempt has been made to present the Wayfinding and Signage Standard in plain language, there are technical language requirements which apply. The definitions section in this Standard should address this issue. Existing Canadian and international standards and other articles and documents are referenced where applicable throughout this Standard. Note: Tactile diagrams, tactile maps and acoustics are not considered within this Standard’s scope of work.Requirements and recommendations in this Standard are as inclusive as possible. We have no control over the availability of materials that work best, but we have tried to provide the most up-to-date advice. It should be apparent what is absolutely essential or preferred. The goal is to provide succinct and relevant information so that designers and project managers have the information they need to create more inclusive environments for everyone. ,

6.2 Guiding principles

The practice of design involves more than consideration for usability. We invite practitioners to not only include the information presented in this Standard but to also consider these principles to create more inclusive environments. In all aspects of wayfinding and signage, the following principles apply:Affordability: Wayfinding and signage technologies, if used, are accessible without extra costs to users, including extra data charges or costs to purchase new apps (exclusive of the consumer's personal contracts). Perceptibility: Signage and other technologies are designed to communicate information through multiple sensory channels, such as visual, auditory, or tactile means. The inclusion of multi-sensory feedback allows access for individuals who rely on different senses.Operability: Technologies are operable by all users, in indoor and outdoor environments and in all weather conditions. Consistency: The design and implementation of wayfinding and signage is consistent to ensure information is presented in a way that is familiar, logical, and intuitive.Usability and safety: Any technologies are easy to use, safe, and prevent additional obstacles or harm.Reliability and integration: Signage and any incorporated technology are dependable, robust, and easily integrated across platforms, ensuring suitability for use with adaptive solutions (i.e., applications, smart devices, wearable technologies). Training/guidance: Adequate training and support are provided to staff/service providers to enhance users' abilities to effectively use the wayfinding and signage features being implemented.Testing and maintenance: Wayfinding and signage undergoes testing by intended users prior to implementation and be continuously maintained to ensure sustainability.Empowerment and independence: Wayfinding and signage in its various forms allow for autonomy and independent navigation, providing timely, accurate, and clear information in multiple formats when necessary. Awareness and education: Implementers and designers provide ongoing public awareness of the purpose and intent of inclusive wayfinding and signage to ensure everyone understands their meaning and intent.User consultation: Implementers and designers carry out consultation with user groups when establishing/determining or altering the wayfinding and signage solutions.

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7. Scope

7.1 General

This Standard provides requirements and guidance on the design, management and implementation of tools and systems that facilitate wayfinding and access to signage throughout physical spaces. This Standard addresses as well the design and implementation of indoor and outdoor signage as part of a wayfinding system. Unless a clause is specified for outdoor or indoor spaces, the requirements shall apply to both.This Standard:recognizes the equity rights of persons with disabilities as Canadian citizens;aligns with the Accessible Canada Act;considers guiding principles; andcomplements other codes and standards related to the accessibility of the built environment.This Standard identifies ways to prevent barriers for people with disabilities both now and in the future.This Standard focuses on the implementation of multiple solutions (e.g., sight, sound, tactile, and technology) to provide individuals with a variety of options to meet their needs and facilitate independent navigation. ,

7.2 Inclusions

The following topics are covered in this Standard:Principles for the application of new and emerging technologiesWayfinding cuesTactile Walking Surface Indicators (TWSI)Paths of travelLightingColour contrastSignageTactile signageBraillePictograms and symbolsAudible signsElectronic signsMaps (non-tactile)Technological solutions ,

7.3 Exclusions

The following topics are not covered in this Standard:Tactile maps and diagramsNote: These are not included in this standard at this time as a literature and standards review has indicated a lack of consistency in the approach and application of these tools. More consideration is needed.AcousticsNote: This will be a separate standard: CAN-ASC-2.5/ICC A118 Acoustics in the built environment.Assistive listening systems ,

7.4 Terminology

In this Standard, three terms are defined as follows:Shall: Expresses a requirement, or a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy to comply with the standard.Should: Expresses a recommendation, or that which is advised but not required.May: Expresses an option, or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard.Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate explanatory or informative material.Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

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8. References

This Standard refers to the following publications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the edition listed below: Accessibility Standards CanadaCAN-ASC-2.1 — Outdoor Spaces (draft)Braille Literacy CanadaAccessible Signage Guidelines. 2024CSA GroupCAN/ASC B651:2023 Accessible Design for the Built EnvironmentInternational Organization for StandardizationISO 23599:2019 Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired persons —Tactile walking surface indicatorsISO 21542:2021 Building construction — Accessibility and usability of the built environmentISO 7001:2023 Graphical symbols — Registered public information symbolsOther publicationAccessible Canada Act, 2019

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9. Definitions, symbols, and abbreviations

9.1 Definitions

The following definitions shall apply in this Standard:Accessible — Any space, feature, element, site, environment or facility that can be used (e.g., located, approached, entered, exited or operated) by individuals with diverse abilities ensuring equitable access, navigation, and operation. This term can also apply to services, practices, and programs.Accessible format — A format that presents information in a way that can be perceived, understood, and used by all individuals. Examples include braille, large print, audio, electronic text compatible with assistive technologies, and tactile formats.Alternate format — Information presented in braille, in large print, electronically (e.g., on removable or portable media), or in an accessible format. Note: Large print is considered to be 14 point or larger sans serif font.Bollard — Short post used to create a protective or architectural perimeter. They are vertical posts that come in different shapes and sizes. They are sometimes used to guide traffic or to provide an architectural barrier around a building. As architectural elements, they come in a wide variety of shapes and styles to accentuate or visually stand out in their settings. They are often made of metal, stone, cement or plastic and can include decorative elements. Braille — A method that uses raised dots to signify letters and numbers. In Canada, Unified English Braille (UEB) serves as the standard for braille in the English language. “Le code braille français uniformisé pour la transcription des textes imprimés” is the code to be used for information provided in French.Cane-detectable — An object or surface texture modification that can be identified within the reach of a long white cane. Colour rendering — The process of converting image data that describes the colour-space coordinates of a scene’s elements into output-referred image data that represents the colour-space coordinates of those same elements as they appear in a reproduction.Note: Colour rendering typically involves one or more of the following steps: adjusting for differences in viewing conditions between the input and output, mapping the tone scale and colour gamut to fit the reproduction’s dynamic range and colour capabilities, and applying adjustments based on viewer preferences.Colour Rendering Index — A dimensionless value, measured in Ra, that indicates how accurately a light source reveals the colours of various objects when compared to a standard or natural light source.Communication — Includes languages, display of text, braille, tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia as well as written, audio, plain-language, human-reader, and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, including accessible information and communication technology.Frontal reach — The distance a person can extend either arm, to the front and not to the side, without losing their balance, in a standing or seated position.Functional reach — The distance a person can reach forward or to the side beyond arm's length while keeping a fixed base of support in a standing or seated position. Source: Modified from Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex. 2012 to add seated positionNote: The collective term for frontal reach and lateral reach is functional reach.Glare — Bright light reflected from a surface, floor, window or screen. Glare occurs when one part of the environment is much brighter than the general surrounding area, causing discomfort, or loss in visual performance.Graphical symbol — A visually identifiable figure or image that conveys specific information or meaning without relying on written or spoken language.Lateral reach — The distance a person can extend either arm, to the side and not to the front, without losing their balance, in a standing or seated position.Light Reflectance Value — A numerical measure of the fraction of visible light that a surface reflects when illuminated by a light source.Luminance — The measure of light that a surface emits or reflects in a specific direction.Lux — The SI unit of illuminance, representing the amount of light that falls on a surface. Note 1: 1 lux (abbreviation: lx) is equal to the illuminance produced on a surface of area 1 m2 by a luminous flux of 1 lumen (lm) uniformly distributed over that surface.Note 2: Non-metric, non-SI units: lumen per square foot (symbol: lm·ft−2), foot-candle (abbreviation: fc):1 lm·ft−2 = 1 fc = 10,764 lx.Michelson contrast — Contrast (modulation) which measures the relation between the spread and the sum of the two luminances. Pictogram — Also called glyph, is an efficient visual means of conveying a specific message or instruction concisely. Note 1: Pictograms that show a person in a specific action or that illustrate the function of a room are most easily recognized. Note 2: Pictograms are composed of two elements: a graphical symbol that is broadly associated with a specific message, and the background on which the symbol is positioned (referred to as the field) which may provide additional meaning or context through its shape and colour. Note 3: Pictograms (except for overhead signs) are always used in combination with raised text and the equivalent braille information. Note 4: Pictograms include icons, arrows, public information, accessibility and safety symbols and are intended to succinctly convey actions, directional information or provide a room function. Signage — Means of conveying information about direction, location, safety or action and designed to be clear, concise and consistent. Signage can be audible, text, symbols, tactile or graphical information.Tactile — Perceptible through the sense of touch; relating to physical surface characteristics intended to be felt rather than seen or heard.Tactile Walking Surface Indicator — A standardized textured surface designed to be detected underfoot or with a long white cane, providing visual contrast and tactile cues to assist individuals by offering guidance or warnings. There are two types of Tactile Walking Surface Indicators (TWSIs); attention indicators used for hazard warning and direction indicators used for directional guidance.Attention indicator — A type of TWSI (Tactile Walking Surface Indicator) design used to highlight potential hazards or key decision points. It consists of truncated domes or cones.Direction indicator — A type of TWSI (Tactile Walking Surface Indicator) design, used to offer directional guidance to aid in wayfinding across open areas. It consists of elongated flat-top bars.Uncontracted braille — A letter by letter transcription of text, numbers and punctuation also identified as Grade 1 braille.Vertical sign — Sign fixed parallel to the wall of a building to which it is attached and with its largest dimension being vertical.Wayfinding — The process of navigating through an environment by using visual, auditory, or tactile cues to determine one’s location and direction toward a desired destination.Weber Contrast — Relationship between the luminance of a brighter area of interest and that of an adjacent darker area. Note: Mathematically, the difference between the two luminances divided by the lower luminance. ,

9.2 Abbreviations

The following abbreviations shall apply in this Standard: CIE — International Commission on Illumination Cm — Michelson contrast Cw — Weber contrast dB SPL — Sound pressure level measured in decibels Ft-candles — Foot-candlesGU — Gloss UnitsLED — Light Emitting Diode LCD — Liquid Crystal DisplayLm — Lumen LRV — Light Reflectance Value lx — Luxmm — Millimetres Ra — Colour Rendering Index px — Pixel TWSI — Tactile Walking Surface IndicatorUEB — Unified English Braille UGR — Unified Glare Rating UV — Ultraviolet

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10. General requirements for lighting and contrast

This Clause outlines requirements and recommendations that apply to all signage and wayfinding. Good lighting and contrast are essential to ensure that the information being conveyed is clear and available to interpret and process visual information. The requirements in this Clause apply to all aspects of wayfinding and signage. Lighting and the use of colour contrasting materials are essential to the interpretation and understanding of signage and wayfinding. ,

10.1 Lighting

Good lighting is important mainly for safety and communications. There is no standard set of guidelines that will meet everyone's needs.As people age, their eyes require more light to function effectively. An eye condition can also affect a person’s lighting needs. The same level of light may be fine for a fully-sighted person, excessive for someone with glaucoma and too low for someone with macular degeneration. In addition to providing visual clarity, lighting is useful in emphasizing important elements of the environment. Lighting makes it easier to identify building elements such as entrances, hallways, obstacles/unsafe areas, stairs, and changes of level. Light levels, lighting direction, and background decor are factors that help clarify visual information, such as reducing glare.

10.1.1 Application

This Clause shall apply to the lighting of all wayfinding elements (including signage) within the built environment and applicable outdoor spaces.

10.1.2 General lighting design

The lighting design for wayfinding and signage shall:incorporate the following:colour rendering (minimum Ra > 80);colour temperature around 3000 K; andcolour rendering index between 60 CRI and 70 CRI; andconsider the following:illumination level of vertical and horizontal surfaces;reduction of glare caused by direct light sources or reflective surfaces;consistency and dispersion of luminance; andorientation of light and shadow control.

10.1.2.1 Basic lighting considerations

Lighting design shall: ensure indoor spaces are lit to a minimum of 100 lx;ensure outdoor spaces are lit in compliance with Clause 10.1.5;for indoor spaces, be integrated within the handrail only when overhead lighting sources cannot be installed; andincorporate supplementary lighting, with upward or downward components only, to enhance:special features and key orientation elements;key signage and orientation landmarks; andcommunication or information systems.Note 1: If lighting is installed in the handrail, the handrail should be visible.Note 2: Outdoor lighting design may be integrated within the handrail when overhead lighting sources cannot be installed.Note 3: Care should be taken to avoid the use of devices that operate on a timed mechanism as this may lead to an inadvertent loss of lighting while wayfinding elements are still in use.

10.1.3 Glare and shadow

Various eye conditions cause many people to be impacted by the effects of glare. Glare may lead to discomfort and hinder the ability to perform daily tasks effectively by causing visually contrasting information to be interpreted incorrectly in visual displays. The lighting design for objects or surfaces causing glare and shadow shall:use the Unified Glare Rating (UGR) to assess discomfort glare levels caused by light sources; andensure that the UGR value does not exceed 22 in circulation areas and does not exceed 19 in habitable rooms.

10.1.3.1 Preventing glare and shadow

Designers should prevent glare and shadow by:preventing unnecessary light from spilling into unintended areas while softening or dispersing it;utilizing indirect lighting;positioning the light source appropriately based on the viewing direction and the intended focal point;restricting the use of uplighters positioned at floor or low levels that interfere with the user's visual field;ensuring corridor layouts do not include windows at their endpoints;selecting light-coloured ceilings and walls to prevent positioning light sources against dark backgrounds;preventing sudden shifts between brightly lit and dark areas; andregulating lighting levels at entryways to prevent glare when moving between indoor and outdoor spaces.

10.1.4 Indoor lighting

Both natural and installed lighting have an impact on the perception of information that is needed for navigation of indoor environments.

10.1.4.1 Natural and artificial lighting

Indoor lighting can be natural, artificial, or both.Indoor lighting design shall:use available natural light to illuminate entrances and corridors;integrate artificial and natural lighting to provide comfortable, evenly distributed light at working surfaces and throughout circulation routes, at all times;control natural light to avoid discomfort, excessively bright light and glare (e.g., using overhanging, shades or UV tinted protection);use shading to reduce excessive brightness and reflected glare from windows;avoid positioning sources of light (natural or artificial) at the ends of corridors or behind people at reception areas or counters;support visual tasks, such as identifying hazards, reading signs, navigating spaces, and interpreting sign language; andallow an illumination quality that is as close to a full spectrum as possible to aid in identifying edges and colour contrasts which are used as wayfinding cues (this ensures the warm end of the spectrum provides appropriate colour definition).

10.1.4.2 Indoor light fixtures

Indoor light fixtures that specifically illuminate wayfinding elements shall:be selected with diffusers, lenses, or recessed light sources, so that minimal glare is created;for surface-mounted fluorescent ceiling fixtures installed below 2440 mm:use darkened sides (i.e. not wrap-around lenses); andposition them perpendicular to the dominant direction of travel, or as valance-type lighting along the perimeter of a space to create indirect lighting; andavoid those with multiple pinpoints that result in high-intensity illumination.Note: Multiple pinpoint light fixtures often add unnecessary glare and leave an afterimage on the retina of people with reduced vision.

10.1.5 Exterior lighting

Exterior lighting presents additional challenges due to changes in natural light that depends on weather conditions. The measurements below are designed to provide guidance for optimum viewing and navigation.Exterior lighting shall:maintain lighting levels of 50 lx over frequently used paths of travel, including walkways, paths of travel, stairs, and ramps, measured at the ground;be positioned such that all ramps, steps, and stairs are lit to clearly define surfaces, treads, risers, nosings, and handrails;maintain a minimum of 100 lx consistently over building entrances, measured at the ground; andmaintain a minimum lighting level for facilities outside of daylight hours at 50 lx (dusk to dawn).Note 1: A building entrance is an entrance between indoors and outdoors.Note 2: The aim is to provide a smooth transition to allow eyes to adjust to the change in lighting levels between outdoors and indoors. ,

10.2 Luminance contrast

Note: The required luminance contrast value varies based on the visual task and is influenced by:the size of the smallest detail necessary for recognition;the time available for detection, such as the immediate identification of hazards and warning signs; andthe lighting environment, including natural daylight, artificial illumination, or a combination of both.Ensuring proper lighting is crucial for the effective perception of visual contrast (see Clause 10.1). Sufficient illumination, along with minimum reflectance values for lighter surfaces, is necessary to achieve adequate luminance levels for surfaces and building elements, depending on the specific visual task. Typically, lower illumination levels necessitate greater visual contrast to enhance the ability to perceive information, architectural features, and spatial design. The human eye's capacity to distinguish contrast improves with higher illuminance in the surrounding environment. Minimum luminance contrast values are determined based on changing lighting conditions within buildings, where artificial and natural light interact, as well as in outdoor settings, where daylight fluctuates throughout the day and across seasons. In most cases, individuals with little or no colour vision can still detect luminance contrasts, even if they cannot perceive colour. Colours at the warm end of the spectrum (yellow, orange, bright red, etc.) are easier to recognize than those at the cool end. See Clause 10.4 for more information on colour combinations.

10.2.1 General requirements

Luminance contrast design shall:enhance wayfinding by also clearly defining junctions between walls and floors, doorway recesses and corridor intersections using distinct boundary materials such as carpeting or floor tiles;serve as a safety measure to define edges or boundaries of objects, such as stair nosings, doors, and handrails;visually distinguish important architectural features, such as elevators and exit doors, from their immediate environment;define the boundaries of a room, such as where the wall meets the floor, using colour or tone;ensure that baseboards in monochromatic environments are contrasted with the wall and floor colours, to provide boundary definition;be applied consistently to visually identify distinctive objects and important architectural features, such as exit doors and elevators;include regular maintenance program for both indoor and outdoor environments, to ensure the necessary luminance contrast is preserved throughout the building or outdoor space or facility lifecycle especially for safety-related floor markings such as stair nosing;not use colours that are close to or identical to those used for regulatory, safety or emergency signage for other types of signage for both indoor and outdoor environments; andmeet the minimum luminance contrast values as those in Table 1 (for requirements for glossy or shiny materials see Clause 10.2.2 and Table 2).Note: These are minimum contrast values, higher values are often used to improve the lighting conditions such as when the lighting conditions may at times be low.Unless specified as outdoor luminance contrast design, such as requirements g) and h), the requirements above shall only pertain to indoor built environments.Table 1 — Minimum luminance contrast values for matte surfaces according to the visual task (See Clauses 10.2.1 i) and 10.2.2 a) i))This table provides the required values of minimum light reflectance value (LRV), Michelson contrast, and Weber contrast for different visual tasks on a matte surface. Visual task on matt surface by surface typeMinimum LRV* of the lighter surfaceMichelson contrast Cm (%)Weber contrast Cw (%)Large surface areas, and elements and components to facilitate orientation†≥40≥30≥45Potential hazards, small items, and self-contrasting markings‡≥50≥60≥75Text information§≥70≥60≥75* LRV: The light reflectance value LRV, or CIE Y-value, is expressed on a scale of 0 to 100, with a value of 0 points for pure black and a value of 100 points for pure white.†: Examples of large surface areas and components to facilitate orientation include, but are not limited to walls, floors, doors, ceiling, handrails, furniture, tactile walking surface indicators, and visual indicators on glazed areas.‡: Examples of potential hazards, small items, and self-contrasting markings include, but are not limited to visual indicator on steps, glazed areas, switches, and controls.§: An example of text information is signage.

10.2.2 Luminance contrast of glossy materials

An individual's viewing angle, combined with the placement of light sources and the luminance of reflected objects such as clothing, walls, lighting fixtures, or nearby surfaces, affects the luminance of a glossy surface. These reflections can lead to a decrease in luminance contrast.Typically, luminance contrast is achieved through the visual distinction between an element and its surrounding surface. For instance, a spherical element reflects light differently from different sides creating high and low luminance surfaces.The luminance contrast of glossy materials shall:meet the luminance contrast requirements specified in Table 1 when applied to rounded elements in buildings, such as tactile inscriptions, door handles, or handrails for wayfinding (see also Clause 10.2.1);have a threshold greater than that for non-reflective materials when used as reflective material on key surfaces (see Table 2); andfollow the specifications outlined under “For brushed metals” in Table 2, when brushed metal is used.Potential hazards shall not be marked using visual indicators made from highly glossy materials.Note: Backlit signs ensure sufficient luminance contrast against surrounding surfaces made of brushed metal, such as control buttons.Table 2 — Minimum luminance contrast values for glossy surfaces according to the visual task (See Clause 10.2.1 i))This table provides the required values of minimum light reflectance value (LRV), Michelson contrast, and Weber contrast for large and small areas of a brushed metal surface.Visual task on brushed metal surface by surface typeMinimum LRV* of the lighter surfaceMichelson contrast Cm (%)Weber contrast Cw (%)Large surface areas, and elements and components to facilitate orientation†≥40≥40≥57Small items necessary to enable use of building elements‡≥70≥70≥82* LRV: The light reflectance value LRV, or CIE Y-value, is expressed on a scale of 0 to 100, with a value of 0 points for pure black and a value of 100 points for pure white.†: Examples of large surface areas and elements and components to facilitate orientation include, but are not limited to, walls, floors, doors, ceiling, base plates of controls, and tactile walking surface indicators.‡: Examples of small items necessary to enable use of building elements include, but are not limited to, control buttons and inscriptions on controls. ,

10.3 Colour choice

If a feature of a building needs to stand out, the best way to accomplish this is to use bright colours that contrast with adjacent surfaces.Colours shall:be utilized to assist in identifying doors, floors, or departments within a building and to support wayfinding;be bright or have a highly contrasting tone, or both to assist with wayfinding (e.g., if used as part of a signage band located on walls at eye level, this band makes it easier to follow than monolithic wall colouring, and can be the visual cue for other essential signs); andhave high contrast with walls or doors to emphasize changes in direction, the end of corridors, or open areas at intersections, visually defining end walls or return walls in long corridors.Note 1: When combining colours, darker shades from the outer edges of the spectrum (such as violet, blue, and red) should be paired with brighter hues from the central spectrum (such as yellow and green). Note 2: Colour pairings such as red with green or blue with yellow should be avoided when their shades have comparable brightness or intensity.Note 3: The following combinations should also be avoided: grey and blue, light green and navy blue.Note 4: To establish contrast between blue and yellow or red and green, pairing dark blue with bright yellow or deep red with pale green is recommended, as these combinations are more distinguishable to the human eye compared to dark green with pale red or a strong yellow with light blue.Note 5: Colours serve as an effective navigational aid, assisting in the recognition of floor levels or room functions. They enhance tactile and visual signage, such as displaying the number “3” to indicate the third floor. ,

10.4 Colour patterns

Patterns can cause difficulty with the interpretation of visual information. The information below provides guidance about the use of colour patterns.Colour pattern selection shall:avoid heavy or distinct patterns on walls or floors since these can add visual confusion to settings for persons with limited vision; have simple, repetitive, non-directional patterns that feature monochromatic or low-colour contrast;be designed to minimize high luminance contrast between darker and lighter sections, ensuring a maximum contrast value of Cm = 20% (Cw = 33%) for floor patterns; andavoid floor patterns with high luminance contrast, as they may create the illusion of height variations.Note: Strong contrast in floor patterns can also contribute to vertigo in some individuals.

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11. Wayfinding

11.1 General

Wayfinding is facilitated by well-designed indoor and outdoor environments that incorporate clear paths of travel, along with constructed and natural navigation cues such as edges, landmarks, signage, surface textures, lighting, and acoustics that can be detected through visual, tactile, and auditory means.Wayfinding systems, including those used to identify landmarks and decision points, should present information that is easy to locate, read, and understand. Effective wayfinding enables individuals to:understand the site conditions they may encounter;know their position relative to other key locations;orient themselves in an appropriate and safe direction; anddiscover new destinations and services independently.Wayfinding shall:support orientation through variations in acoustics, surface textures, lighting, and colour following the principle of multi-sensory accessibility, ensuring they are available in formats suitable for individuals with sensory impairments;provide supportive measures in combinations, i.e., audible and tactile; audible and visual;be supported through tactile direction indicators (TWSIs) in combination with audible, tactile and visual cues in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas; indicate changes in direction when TWSIs are used in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas;have detectable paths of travel with visual contrast against adjacent walls to facilitate navigation in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas; andhave paths of travel maintain a minimum luminance contrast with the surrounding environment, as outlined in Clause 10.2, in large or highly complex buildings and extensive areas.Note 1: Wayfinding systems complement but do not replace the need for accessible customer service.Note 2: Consider ambient noise levels, placement options, and identification of tactile information to assess whether visual information should be supported by audible and tactile elements.Note 3: For ease of navigation and to help facilitate wayfinding have paths of travel that intersect at perpendicular angles whenever possible. ,

11.2 Obstacles

11.2.1 Obstacles on paths of travel

Paths of travel shall:comply with CSA/ASC B651:23;not have wayfinding or signage elements obstruct the path of travel in accordance with CSA/ASC B651:23;have visually contrasting markings to highlight the presence of transparent obstacles, such as glass walls or panels; andhave maintenance plans with provisions for the clearing and repair of all wayfinding and signage elements that are part of the space.Note: Where protruding objects cannot be removed, they should be placed outside paths of travel or recessed so as not to reduce the width required for unobstructed passage for all persons.

11.2.2 Bollards in paths of travel

Bollards in paths of travel shall:be placed in accordance with CSA/ASC B651:23;have a height between 500 mm and 1200 mm to facilitate detection by pedestrians and motorists;have visual contrast markings in an upper position to be easily detected;avoid being placed in a triangular or U-shape arrangement as they present a barrier for wheeled mobility devices; andhave a form of ground level detection, plinth or tapping rail when they are wider at the top than at ground level to allow detection.Note 1: Bollards should have a consistent profile throughout their height from ground level.Note 2: Where possible, bollards should not be linked with ropes or chains as this presents a hazard to pedestrians.Note 3: Flexible bollards that can withstand low-speed vehicular impact and return to their original position may be considered near pedestrian crossings to enhance visibility and protect pedestrian zones, where fixed bollards are not feasible. ,

11.3 Walking surfaces of interior and exterior paths of travel

Interior paths of travel are used to navigate indoor environments in buildings, and large complexes. Exterior paths of travel are used to navigate pathways outside of a building. Walking surfaces of interior and exterior paths of travel in the built environment shall:be firm, stable, slip resistant, and free of glare;avoid the use of busy patterns that can result in visual confusion and disorientation;use consistent floor surface texture to identify the same type of hazard; andsupport orientation and wayfinding at critical navigation points through additional illumination, increased visual contrast, and tactile elements, such as material changes (textural changes) or TWSI.Note 1: Textural changes may be used to indicate non-hazardous features such as seating areas where TWSIs are not required. Textural changes can complement, but should not replace TWSIs where safety or accessibility compliance is required.Note 2: In large open outdoor and indoor areas, different textured surfaces should differentiate paths of travel from adjacent areas.

11.3.1 Additional specifications for exterior paths of travel

Exterior paths of travel shall:for paved surfaces:have pedestrian and cycling zones that are physically separated and cane-detectable;have a continuous clear visual and tactile detectable delineation between pedestrian and cycling zones, such as a 300 mm grass section for easy detection, or be on different levels such as the street and the sidewalk;incorporate distinctive surface materials, such as tiles, at intersections or key decision points in outdoor plazas to help users identify critical areas and make informed navigation choices;be simple and not interfere with orientation or safe street crossings when used in decorative crosswalks, including elements such as colour, design, imagery, texture, or material that enhance aesthetics beyond standard crosswalk treatments; andinclude two white transverse lines bordering the crosswalk (for all crosswalks).for paved and unpaved surfaces:include identification of the location and nature of the path(s) to the building at the entrance(s) to the site, from any parking space, and at decision points (intersections) within the site;provide a dedicated pedestrian pathway that is visually and tactilely separated from other modes of transportation, such as scooters and bicycles;use contrasting colours for pathway edges against the surrounding landscape to support wayfinding (e.g., a light-coloured path against darker greenery allows individuals to better differentiate the route and follow it more easily);feature high-contrast railings along pathways or near stairs to enhance visibility; andconnect accessible parking spaces and drop-off zones that are connected to the accessible entrance.Note 1: Avoid shared infrastructures, including cycling paths between access points to buses and public transportation, as they are not considered accessible.Note 2: Architectural elements may be included to help maintain visibility of wayfinding and signage elements during different seasons.Note 3: Decorative crosswalks should be avoided across roadways that have high volumes of traffic or a high percentage of truck traffic, or both, specifically, major and minor arterial roadways.Note 4: Unpaved paths of travel should be separated from faster moving vehicles (e.g., scooters, bicycles, e-bikes, electric cars) to enhance the safety of people of all abilities. ,

11.4 Tactile Walking Surface Indicator (TWSI)

11.4.1 Design according to function

11.4.1.1 General requirements

TWSIs shall:be placed in areas lacking constructed or natural navigation cues;be arranged in a clear and structured sequence, with defined start and end points, marking intersections, decision points, or potential hazards along the way;be of enough depth in the direction of travel to provide adequate detectability and appropriate response by the users, such as stopping and turning;have their starting point well-defined and easily identifiable, aligning with constructed and natural navigation cues; andhave a smooth adjacent walking surface of at least 600 mm wide. Note 1: TWSIs are not to be used to compensate for inadequate design. Note 2: TWSIs can additionally be installed independently to mark hazards or specific locations for individuals to navigate from one destination to another safely.Note 3: TWSIs can be used to accommodate a range of accessibility requirements and support safe and independent navigation. TWSIs also allow users to orient themselves effectively at intersections and directional crosswalks.Note 4: Smooth adjacent surfaces make TWSIs easier to detect and distinguish by foot or cane. To reduce confusion, paving joints or gaps should be minimized. Where unavoidable, such gaps should be limited in coverage and kept narrow and shallow to prevent interference with tactile cues.

11.4.1.2 TWSI detection

TWSIs shall:ensure detectability underfoot and with a long white cane;ensure clear differentiation between direction and attention indicators for individuals who rely on them for navigation;be placed adjacent to or surrounded by smooth surfaces to support effective detection; andfeature a slip-resistant surface (see Annex A). Note 1: Different slip resistances between the TWSI and adjacent surfaces should be avoided.Note 2: A consistent pattern should be maintained for each type of TWSI in order to prevent confusion.Note 3: The slip resistance of TWSIs should also respect the criteria presented for slip resistance of other surfaces in CAN-ASC-2.3 (draft).

11.4.2 Attention indicator surfaces

11.4.2.1 General

Attention indicators provide critical safety information to everyone at potentially dangerous locations. They may be used to indicate pedestrian crossings, curbs, railway platforms, stairways, ramps, escalators, moving walkways, and elevators to enhance safety and awareness.Attention indicators shall:only be used to identify potential hazards or provide guidance at intersecting points in a path; be standard within a building, facility, site, or complex of buildings;be clearly differentiated from direction indicators; andextend across the full width of a path of travel and perpendicular to the direction of travel when approaching a hazard.Note 1: It’s important to provide consistent safety information so that people will recognize potentially dangerous situations in any location.Note 2: In outdoor environments, cast iron is a durable material which doesn’t create glare and provides contrast.Note 3: In indoor environments, the use of carpet, changes in flooring or the use of different materials at intersecting corridors provides useful wayfinding information.

11.4.2.2 Location

Except when the location is protected by a guard complying with clause 6.16.4 of CAN-ASC-2.1 (draft), an attention indicator shall be at the following locations:Stairs and ramps:at the tops of stairs and ramps;at landings where there is a door leading onto the landing; andat landings longer than 2,100 mm where there are no continuous handrails.Note: When installed at the bottom of a ramp ensure that a proper setback is used so that wheeled mobility device users are not destabilized at the bottom of the ramp but detection of the ramp is still possible for other users requiring the warning.In outdoor spaces:be continuous across the width of the stair with a maximum gap of 75 mm to the end of the tread;have a depth between 600 mm and 650 mm, starting one tread depth from the edge of the stair; andbe provided at:each intermediate landing that has an entrance into a stair system;where the regular stairway pattern is broken; andwhere the run of the landing is greater than 2100 mm in length and does not have a continuous handrail.Paved and unprotected drop-off edge where:the change in elevation is greater than 250 mm; orthe slope is steeper than in a ratio of 1:3 (33%).Both sides of ground-level railway crossings.Exposed perimeters of reflecting pools and fountains.Curb ramps and depressed curbs.Access points to a vehicular pathway or zone where no curbs or physical barriers distinguish paths of travel from vehicle travel areas.Where there is a hazard.Where there is a change in direction within a tactile guidance path using direction indicators.Where an amenity is present along a tactile path to aid in identification.Note: At changes in direction within direction indicators, attention indicators should be configured in a square pattern centered on the direction indicators, with each side of the square being 600 – 650 mm.

11.4.2.3 Placement

Attention indicators shall:span the entire width of the hazard, covering all approach directions when signalling a hazard, and be positioned at least 300 mm away from the hazard;be positioned 300 mm from the sidewalk edge when indicating a pedestrian crossing;be installed at a 90° angle to the travel direction while extending across the full width of the crossing;be positioned 300 mm away from the curb edge when used to mark at-grade curbs separating sidewalks from vehicle lanes;be placed at the top landing in buildings where a staircase is located in an open space; andbe arranged to ensure clear visibility of the first and last steps when used at stair landings to avoid any visual confusion.Note: To reduce the likelihood of tripping or stumbling, stair flights and landings made of different materials should have similar frictional properties.

11.4.2.4 Luminance contrast

Luminance contrast for attention indicator surfaces shall:have a difference in light reflectance or CIE Y-value with their immediate surrounding surface, greater than 30 points for integrated units and greater than 40 points for discrete units, with a minimum reflectance value of the lighter surface of 50 points; andbe achieved between the attention indicators and the surrounding area. If the required contrast cannot be attained, a continuous band of at least 100 mm wide with suitable contrast shall be placed adjacent to the attention indicators.Note 1: Integrated units are single components that consist of domes, cones, or elongated bars formed together on a base surface or plate.Note 2: Discrete units are independently installed tactile elements, such as domes, cones, or elongated bars, that are incorporated into ground or flooring surfaces as separate components.Note 3: The effective area of the attention indicators should have a high visual contrast (see also Clause 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3) with the immediate surrounding pedestrian surface in both wet and dry conditions.

11.4.2.5 Configuration

Configuration of attention indicators is important to ensure their effectiveness when in use.11.4.2.5.1 Arrangements of a single plateAttention indicators design shall:have truncated domes or cones positioned in a square grid pattern, either aligned parallel or set at a 45° angle to the primary direction of travel; andhave edges bevelled or level with the surrounding surface (e.g., height of 3 mm or less) to avoid tripping. Note: The diagonal configuration tends to be easier to detect for cane users.11.4.2.5.2 Dome heightTruncated domes or cones shall have a height ranging between 4 to 5 mm.Note: Truncated domes or cones are more noticeable when adjacent to smooth surfaces like rubber, plastic or metal rather than rougher materials such as manufactured paving stones or textured concrete.11.4.2.5.3 Dome diameterTruncated domes or cones shall:have a top diameter between 12 mm and 25 mm, as indicated in Table 3;have the bottom diameter 9 mm to 11 mm larger than the top diameter; andhave an allowable variation in the top diameter that does not exceed ±1 mm.Note: A 12 mm top diameter is considered the most effective size for individuals to detect and differentiate through the soles of their shoes.Table 3 — Dome diameter and spacing combinations (See Clauses 11.4.2.5.3 and 11.4.2.5.4)This table provides the top diameter, base diameter, and spacing requirements for flat-topped domes or cones.Top diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)Base diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)Spacing between the centres of adjacent domes or cones (mm)1221 to 2342 to 611524 to 2645 to 631827 to 2948 to 652029 to 3150 to 682534 to 3655 to 7011.4.2.5.4 Dome spacingDome spacing shall have a minimum distance between the centre points of two neighbouring truncated domes or cones, whether aligned parallel or at a 45° diagonal angle to the travel direction, in accordance with the ranges specified in Table 3.11.4.2.5.5 Dimensions of attention indicatorsThis Clause does not apply to railway platforms, where national laws, regulations, and standards take precedence. Attention indicators shall:be installed cross the full width of the hazard when used as hazard indicators;have a depth between 600 mm and 650 mm, with one side aligned to the edge of the hazard; andhave an increased depth to enhance detectability and allow for a longer stopping distance when no set-back is present.

11.4.3 Direction indicator surfaces

11.4.3.1 General

In large or open spaces, a tactile pathway or guiding line for navigation is required.Direction indicators shall:be used to indicate directional orientation especially where no other clues in the built environment indicate the path to follow; andnot rely on natural guiding patterns in areas where hazardous situations, such as driveways or vehicle entrances, are present.Note 1: Direction indicators are recommended for safety and guidance in outdoor environments.Note 2: The designated route should connect the entrance with all key locations throughout the premises, including but not limited to service desks, elevators, stairs, and escalators.Note 3: An overuse of tactile direction indicator paths may lead to confusion. In a confined area, such as a lobby or transit facility, one or two paths should be sufficient.Note 4: Some existing elements of the built or natural environment provide wayfinding clues so that Direction Indicator Surfaces may not be required. Examples include:a wall adjacent to the sidewalk if it goes straight and there are no obstacles or other hazards;a small wall, hedge, or curb (i.e., there are no acoustic cues and these elements may be detected only with a long white cane);a covered walkway which provides acoustic wayfinding cues; andcorridors up to 3 m wide inside a building that are free of obstacles and provide acoustic cues. However, if the corridor includes rooms or offices open to the public, a tactile path and braille/tactile signage are essential.

11.4.3.2 Luminance contrast

Direction indicators shall:have a luminance-contrast of at least 50 % with the surrounding surface;have an adjoining continuous luminance contrast band at least 100 mm wide installed adjacent to it when the required contrast is not achievable; andnot be yellow.Note: Direction indicators are not yellow to differentiate from attention indicators.

11.4.3.3 Configuration

11.4.3.3.1 ArrangementsA direction indicator shall be constructed of parallel flat-topped elongated bars with a maximum end-to-end spacing of 30 mm that extend in the direction of travel. 11.4.3.3.2 Height of barsFlat-topped elongated bars shall have a height between 4 mm and 5 mm.Note 1: In indoor settings with highly smooth surfaces, a height of at least 4 mm is recommended.Note 2: Flat-topped elongated bars are more easily detectable when placed adjacent to extremely smooth surfaces, such as plastic, metal, or rubber, compared to rougher materials like textured concrete or manufactured paving stones. Note 3: Excessive height beyond the required level for effective detectability may increase the risk of tripping.11.4.3.3.3 Length of barsFlat-topped elongated bars shall:have a top length of more than 270 mm with the bottom length extending an additional 9 mm to 11 mm beyond the top; andhave a drainage gap between 10 mm and 30 mm to allow proper water flow if there is risk for water build up between them.11.4.3.3.4 Bar widthFlat-topped elongated bars shall: have their top width range between 17 mm and 30 mm as detailed in Table 4; andhave their bottom width 9 mm to 11 mm larger than the top width.Note: A 17 mm top width is considered the most effective dimension for individuals to detect and differentiate using the soles of their shoes.Table 4 — Flat-topped elongated bar width and spacing combinations (See Clauses 11.4.3.3.4 and 11.4.3.3.5)This table provides the top width, base width, and spacing requirements for flat-topped elongated bars.Top diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)Base diameter of flat-topped domes or cones (mm)Spacing between the centres of adjacent domes or cones (mm)1726 to 2857 to 782029 to 3160 to 802534 to 3665 to 833039 to 4170 to 8511.4.3.3.5 Bar spacingBar spacing is the measured distance between the centrelines of adjacent flat-topped, elongated bars.The bar spacing shall:correspond to the top width, as specified in Table 4; andhave a top width tolerance of ±1 mm.11.4.3.3.6 Width of patternThe width of a direction indicator shall:be between 250 and 300 mm when installed to a defined route; andif installed across a path of travel as an indicator of a facility or changing diverging route:be between 600 and 650 mm; andhave the elongated bars running in the direction toward the facility or changing route.

https://accessible.canada.ca/creating-accessibility-standards/can-asc-24-wayfinding-and-signage/11-wayfinding

12. Signage

12.1 General

Signage is a critical part of making buildings, structures and designed spaces coherent, functional and safe for all users. This includes employees, visitors and first responders. Signage provides direction at key decision points along natural paths of travel and works in concert with natural features of architecture, structures, lighting, and sound. Signage combines a variety of cues including common terminology, symbols, colour, and tactile features to help persons of all abilities navigate these spaces efficiently — whether locating rooms, services, amenities or emergency features. Signage shall:be installed in a consistent placement to create predictability for the user;when it is directional signage, lead people all the way to their destination and back without feeling lost, even when they are unfamiliar with an environment;include tactile text, graphical symbols, pictograms, and braille when installed within lateral reach or frontal reach;be low glare and provide high contrast;not be obstructed;use the symbol of access where it is necessary to identify a specific barrier-free route, or amenity designed to meet the needs of specific people;have the text and braille associated with the symbol of access indicate that the route or amenity is accessible;have all audible and visual signs, including those provided for indoor or outdoor mapping tested by people who will use them to confirm usability and clarity; andbe properly maintained.Note: Signs should be easy to read and intuitive to the user. Use of plain language and recognized graphical symbols are encouraged. The following two standards provide useful methods for testing comprehension and perceptual quality:ISO 9186-1:2014 Graphical symbols — Test methods — Part 1: and Method for testing comprehensibilityISO 9186-2:2008(2024) -Graphical symbols — Test methods — Part 2: Method for testing perceptual quality ,

12.2 Types of signage

Signs are used in a wide range of indoor and outdoor environments. The categories below describe different types of signage and their associated accessibility requirements to support independent navigation, orientation, information access, and safety for all users, including persons with disabilities.Signs shall:be in an accessible format for the types of signage identified in Clauses 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5, 12.2.6, and 12.2.7.

12.2.1 Orientation Signs

Orientation signs provide assistance to people in navigating the facility or environment they are in.Note 1: Examples of orientation signs include maps, sketches, models, and directional signs for elevators and washrooms. Note 2: Examples specific to outdoor environments trailhead orientation panels, park entrance directories, and “you are here” maps located at trail junctions or large open sites. Directional signs that convey directional guidance from one location to another, conventionally incorporating arrow symbols to fulfill their function.

12.2.2 Identification signs

Identification signs provide general orientation or specific information.Note 1: Examples of Identification signs include signage for buildings, washrooms, egress, stairwells, doorways, or offices.Note 2: Examples specific to outdoor environments campsite number signs, cabin or yurt identifiers, accessible beach or picnic shelter identification signs.

12.2.3 Regulatory signs

Regulatory signs that denote forbidden actions (Prohibition Signs), or a mandatory action (Mandatory Signs).Note 1: Examples of prohibition signs include no entry sign, no stopping sign, no smoking sign, no open fires, no off-leash pets, no swimming.Note 2: Examples of mandatory signs include dismount bikes sign, keep right sign, keep clear sign, stay on marked trail.

12.2.4 Warning and danger signs

Warning signs denote a potential hazard.Danger signs denote a definite hazard. Note 1: Examples of Warning signs include radioactivity warning sign, emergency exit sign, area of refuge sign; Caution: floor slippery when wet, crane overhead; Danger: flammable material, poison substance, electric hazardNote 2: Examples specific to outdoor environments wildlife warnings (e.g., bear in area), steep slope or falling rock alerts, trail closure due to flooding or storm damage.

12.2.5 Information signs

Information signs deliver general, explanatory, or interpretive information in addition to other types of signs. Note: Examples of Information signs include hours of operation, instructions for accessing a room, interpretive content related to public art, educational panels in parks, heritage descriptions.

12.2.6 Temporary signs

Temporary signs convey safety information, directional guidance, or essential event-related information, including construction notices, temporary closures, detour routes, and event-related information necessary for navigation or participation.Note 1: Examples of Temporary signs include construction zones, temporary washroom closure, wet floor, detour signage for an outdoor festival.Note 2: Signs not related to safety, wayfinding, or essential access, such as decorative displays or informal community notices (e.g. bake sales), should follow best practices for legibility and placement, but accessibility requirements are not mandatory.

12.2.7 Parking Signs

Parking signs provide information about parking directions, instructions, etc. in a parking facility. This type of sign is exclusively to be read by motorists. Note: Refer to other sign types for signs that are not exclusively designed for motorists in a parking facility, such as signage designed for pedestrians.

12.2.8 Requirements for different types of signage

Signage shall:for signs intended to be read by pedestrians, include tactile characters and braille in:identification signsmandatory signs; andwarning signs; andbe installed close to the designated area where information is needed as information signs. For example, hours of operation may be installed on the non-operational door swing when possible;for any vertical sign:not create an obstruction within the path of travel;when installed outdoors, be placed in a location that does not intrude into the path of travel; andmaintain at least 70% luminance contrast with its surrounding environment, including mounting elements such as the pole.Note: Examples include signs denoting parking types or accessibility parking stalls and signs for parking payment instructions.be cane-detectable, stable and fixed securely for temporary signs;for a designated accessible parking space:be identified by a vertically mounted sign that:is at least 300 mm wide by 450 mm high;has the centre of the sign between 1500 and 2000 mm from the ground; andincorporates the International Symbol of Access; andwhen paved, have the International Symbol of Access painted on the pavement that is:at least 1000 mm long; andluminance (colour) contrasted with the background pavement by at least 70%; andfor digital or electronic signage ensure compliance with Clause 12.11, including requirements for visual clarity, accessibility of audio content, screen contrast, and non-flashing elements.

12.2.9 Signs for outdoor spaces

Trailhead signs in outdoor spaces shall be provided at the start of trails and wherever trail conditions change significantly and include:length or distance of the trail or trail segment;maximum and typical running slope and cross slope;surface type, firmness, and stability;presence of any obstacles (including stairs) or hazards; andminimum and typical trail width.Note 1: The location of amenities (if present) should also be provided.Note 2: A significant change in trail conditions includes but is not limited to large changes in incline, slope direction, type of ground cover, trail width, or the frequency or size of trail obstacles.Note 3: Trail maps may be used to show alternate routes, where available. ,

12.3 Quality of information

Information provided by signs shall:be concise and written using direct and plain language;avoid the use of jargon, acronyms, and abbreviations; andinclude alternative communication methods, i.e., an audible technology, braille booklet or similar alternate format where there is an established need.Note 1: When a sign contains more than one language, each language should be presented on the same sign in a side-by-side format. When space does not allow for side-by-side format, one language may appear above the other which is known as over-under format. Whether side-by-side or over-under format, both languages should be presented equally in all respects, including size, font, colour, prominence, and respect for conventions and grammar.Note 2: Motion sensors or QR codes that trigger an audio recording of the information and other technologies that automatically read aloud text are examples of valid options that may be used. ,

12.4 Configuration

Sign configuration pertains to the physical properties, presentation, and design of signs. Signs shall:have surfaces, including raised and background surfaces, with very low reflection and glare, not exceeding 50 gloss units, except where retroreflective finishes are required for safety or operational purposes (e.g., signs used in low-light conditions on trails, emergency signage, or vehicular access areas);Note 1: Sign surfaces should generally be matte or low-sheen to prevent glare from sunlight or artificial lighting. Retroreflective sign faces are typically used only where increased visibility at night or in remote areas is necessary, such as at unlit trailheads or in emergency situations.Note 2: A gloss unit is defined as a numerical value used to represent the level of gloss or shine observed on a surface when light is reflected from it.where required to be illuminated, have an illumination level on the surface of at least 200 lx, measured uniformly across the sign face to ensure visibility and legibility in low-light conditions;be mounted to surfaces with a matte or non-reflective finish to minimize glare and support legibility, except where retroreflective mounting surfaces are required for safety or operational purposes (e.g., trail marker posts in remote areas, roadside signage, or emergency access points);Note: In most outdoor settings, signs should be mounted to materials such as matte-coated metal, wood, or powder-coated aluminum posts. Retroreflective mounting is typically reserved for vehicular signs or remote locations where visibility at night is critical.be produced using materials that are durable and resistant to wear or vandalism (see also Clause 12.7.1);Note: Materials should be selected based on environmental conditions and anticipated public interaction. Outdoor and high-traffic areas may require UV-resistant, weatherproof, or anti-graffiti finishes and tamper-proof mounting systems.be applied (attached, secured, mounted, adhered) using materials that are durable and resistant to wear or vandalism (see also Clause 12.7.1);be consistently illuminated and free of shadows across their entire surface in indoor environments and exterior locations where controlled lighting is feasible;in outdoor environments such as parks and trails, where full avoidance of shadows may not be feasible:use high-contrast designs with matte finishes to reduce glare; andwhere required by jurisdiction or operational policy, include retroreflective elements to enhance visibility in low-light conditions;Note: In federally administered sites, all exterior signage (including pedestrian and vehicular signs) may be required to be retroreflective to ensure visibility in low-light conditions. Where such jurisdictional or operational policies exist, those supersede the general guidance provided in this clause.have all text and braille left aligned and presented horizontally;maintain a uniform or consistent design throughout a facility for those providing equivalent information, ensuring consistency in shape, colour, composition, and position;have flat surfaces, not including tactile characters and braille;minimize clutter and visual confusion at installation points by combining multiple messages into a single sign where practicable;have characters, symbols, and backgrounds with an eggshell, matte, or other low glare finish; have characters, pictograms, and symbols be luminance (colour) contrasted by at least 70% with their background; andhave letters and numbers that:are sans serif font;use Arabic numerals;have a width-to-height ratio between 3:5 and 1:1;have a stroke width-to-height ratio between 1:5 and 1:10;have the character height sized relative to the intended viewing distance, in accordance with CSA/ASC B651:23, clause 4.6.3, table 7;are measured using the height of an uppercase “X” when determining character size;use a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters (i.e., not appear in all-caps);do not use italics font; andpresent spacing between lines of text at least 25% to 30% of the point size.Note 1: In such cases the messages should be prioritized in order of importance to the general viewer.Note 2: In exterior environments, glare and shadowing may result from natural lighting conditions. Where consistent illumination cannot be maintained, the use of low-glare, high-contrast, and retroreflective materials are recommended.Note 3: The character heights provided in this Standard are based on minimum values from CSA/ASC B651:23. Designers should consider whether larger character sizes are appropriate in their respective outdoor environments, particularly where increased viewing distances, lighting variability, or complex surroundings may affect legibility. ,

12.5 Colour contrast

The following information supplements the requirements outlined in Clause 10.Signs shall:not incorporate colours that are used for regulatory and emergency signs unless they bear a regulatory or emergency message. These colours include, but are not limited to: red, yellow, blue and green;be highly contrasting with the surface and the background on which they are mounted;incorporate pronounced low glare colour contrast to ensure legibility under typical indoor and outdoor lighting conditions;where retroreflective materials are used for outdoor signage, maintain effective contrast in both natural and low-light conditions without causing excessive glare that impairs readability; andbe luminance (colour) contrasted by at least 70% with its background.Note 1: For signs, the most visible colours are white or yellow on a black, charcoal or other dark background, such as brown, dark blue, dark green or purple. Note 2: Black lettering on white is also acceptable, although less readable than the reverse. See Clause 10.2 for additional colour contrast information. ,

12.6 Installation

Installation is an important aspect of ensuring a sign is at an appropriate location for the users.Permanent and temporary sign installation shall:comply with Clause 11.2; andbe cane-detectable if they are free-standing.

12.6.1 Location of signs

Signs shall:for signs meant to be read looking down (i.e., mounted on a standalone pole either parallel or angled to the ground), be located between 730 mm to 860 mm above the ground to allow viewing from a seated position;for outdoor toilet facilities (e.g., portable toilets, outhouses):be mounted on the exterior wall beside the entrance door, where feasible.where such placement is not possible due to limited wall space, be mounted in the centre of the door with a centreline at 1500 mm above the ground, provided the sign does not protrude or pose a hazard. In this case, the International Symbol of Access shall be mounted below the sign, with its centreline at 1350 mm above the ground.Note: Mounting tactile and Braille signage directly on doors is not recommended due to potential safety risks when doors are in use. Where no adjacent mounting surface is available (e.g., portable toilet enclosures), door-mounted signage may be used as a last resort. In such cases, ensure the door swings inward, and the sign is mounted flush with minimal projection. If feasible, consider supplementary tactile cues near the approach area to assist with locating the sign.be installed on the latch side of the door for wall-mounted room identification signs (see also Clause 12.7.3);be located 1500 mm +/- 50 mm from the floor when they are visual and do not contain tactile or braille elements;be installed at a height of 1150 mm to 1250 mm above the floor for those required to include tactile and braille elements (see Clause 12.2 and 12.7) in addition to visual (graphical or pictogram) elements, with the lowest tail of the tactile element starting at 1150 mm and the top end not exceeding 1550 mm;Note 1: They should be easy to locate and consistently placed in predictable locations across a given campus, facility, or building.Note 2: See Clauses 12.7.1 and 12.7.3 for additional requirements for tactile signs.Note 3: An exception may be made for signs specifically designed for children, where the installation height requirements may be lowered.include allowances for lowered placement in settings where the building users, such as children, are expected to require a lower sign;be cane-detectable for A-frame signs (see Clause 11.2.1);be cane-detectable for any signs mounted on posts (see Clause 11.2.1);be located at key decision points along a path of travel for directional signs;follow a logical sequence, giving users reference points to destinations for directional signs; andbe placed securely so that they do not pose a safety hazard or are an obstruction for ground-mounted signs.Note: Consistent location of signage in outdoor environments enables a person to anticipate where and when signage can be found. If adhering to these requirements is not feasible in an outdoor environment, a consistent tactile information system (e.g., change in surface texture) could be implemented to identify signage locations. For example, at trail intersections the signage can be in advance of the intersection, located to the right at a fixed height above the ground.

12.6.2 Overhead signs

Overhead signs shall:be installed with a minimum overhead clearance of 2,050 mm from the finished floor for blade or suspended signs;not be required to have tactile features if installed out of physical reach (e.g., ceiling-mounted). However, a separate sign containing the message in raised text and braille shall be installed within the reachable tactile zone complying with Clause 12.7.2 and 12.7.3;be mounted at consistent locations throughout the building and be viewable from a comfortable viewing distance; andbe visible and clear of obstruction for blade or suspended signage. Note: In crowded areas, blade or suspended signs should be considered to ensure the message is visible from a distance.

12.6.3 Stairs

Note 1: Information signs should be placed in stairwells to identify all entry and exit points. Note 2: Floor numbers should be displayed on each level at both the top and bottom of staircases, as well as on handrails. ,

12.7 Tactile signs

Tactile signs are signs installed within functional reach (lateral reach and frontal reach), that provide all information in visual and tactile formats. These tactile elements include raised letters and braille and may also include specific symbols or pictograms. Tactile signs are soft to the touch and can be traced by users with their fingers.

12.7.1 Tactile sign design and build elements

Tactile signs shall:have rounded corners, edges that are smooth to the touch, and be free from rough or abrasive elements;be approachable within 100 mm without encountering protruding objects or standing within a door swing;include an alternative communication method, such as audible technology, braille or large print booklets, or other digital assistive technologies, when containing large amounts of information, particularly in high-traffic areas or when the sign’s location makes providing tactile elements impractical or unsafe;be produced using materials that are durable and resistant to wear or vandalism; andbe applied (attached, secured, mounted, adhered) using materials that are durable and resistant to wear or vandalism.Note 1: Information that may change frequently is not required to be tactile.Note 2: In some cases, signs that include variable messages may display tactile elements for the permanent portion of the sign message. Note 3: Variable information may be presented in an alternate accessible format where appropriate.

12.7.2 Tactile signs at doors—location and mounting

Tactile signage at doors shall:where there are double doors, be installed at a consistent location on either side of the doorway;where the wall space is not sufficient, be installed on the nearest adjacent wall;not be mounted on the door itself to reduce the collision hazard;be located on the wall on the latch side of doors or openings to ensure people can read it safely;be at a distance of 140 mm to 160 mm from the leading vertical edge of the door jamb; andhave a clear wall area around the sign of 75 mm wide.

12.7.3 Tactile signs at eye-level

Eye-level can be interpreted differently depending upon the height of the individual or whether a person is sitting or standing. The requirements below attempt to provide guidance dependent upon different eye levels.Tactile signs at eye-level shall:be located and installed in compliance with Clause 12.6.1;be reachable (frontal and lateral) from wheeled mobility devices (both manual and powered) when they are wall-mounted;include allowances for lowered placement in settings where the building users, such as children, are expected to require a lower sign;require a clear area of 820 mm x 1390 mm in front of the sign when it is wall mounted; andwhen installed on posts, be cane-detectable to comply with Clause 11.2.1). Note: Signage that is at eye level and tactile should be adjacent to the path of travel and installed within reach (600 mm max).

12.7.4 Tactile characters

Tactile characters shall:have a slight elevation above the background of the sign, measuring between 0.8 and 1.5 mm, including letters and numbers;have their height between 16 and 50 mm based on the height of the uppercase letter “X”;have spacing between the baselines of separate lines of characters within a message ranging from 135 percent to a maximum of 170 percent of the character height;have text that is sans serif font and use Arabic numerals and not be italic, oblique, script, highly decorative, or displayed in other unusual forms;have a width-to-height ratio between 3:5 and 1:1;use uppercase characters;follow print for braille and tactile characters;have gently rounded edges for text; andbe accompanied by an equivalent description in braille for all raised text characters, pictograms, or symbols, including arrows on directional signs. ,

12.8 Braille

There are a number of signs that require braille. These include orientation signs, such as directories; directional signs, such as wall-mounted signs with arrows, and identification signs, such as washroom signs. Braille shall:be the Unified English Braille (UEB) for English text;be the code braille français uniformisé for French text;accompany each language on bilingual and trilingual signs, ensuring that the corresponding braille is provided for each language;Note: For further information, see the Accessible Signage Guidelines by Braille Literacy Canada.be included on all permanent signs installed within a lateral or frontal reach, along with tactile lettering;The uncontracted braille shall correspond directly with the tactile lettering;be uncontracted on signs containing 10 words or fewer;be contracted on signs containing 10 words or more;have braille dots placed directly below the corresponding text;be placed below the entire text of the same language for multi-lined text; anduse durable and smooth material.Note: Poor material can lead to dots wearing off, changing the letters and affecting the meaning of the braille message.

12.8.1 Braille dots

Braille shall:have dots that are domed and provide:a dot base diameter from 1.5 mm to 1.6 mm;a distance between two dots in the same cell from 2.3 mm to 2.5 mm;a distance between corresponding dots in adjacent cells from 6.1 mm to 7.6 mm;a dot height from 0.6 mm to 0.9 mm; anda distance between corresponding dots from one cell directly below from 10 mm to 10.2 mm.be separated by a minimum of 9.5 mm from any other tactile characters and 9.5 mm from raised borders and decorative elements. ,

12.9 Pictograms and graphical symbols

Examples of pictograms include the symbol of access, used to illustrate that an amenity, space or path of travel is accessible. An arrow in the upwards position is a pictogram used to denote forward motion on a directional sign. A pictogram of a white cross on a green background communicates first aid. Pictograms shall:when used on custom wayfinding signs, include:pictograms adopted in Canadian standards publications;pictograms and graphical symbols published and registered by the International Standards Organization; andpictograms that have undergone a testing process;Note: ISO 9186-1:2014 Graphical symbols—Test methodsPart 1: Method for testing comprehensibility is the most commonly used test for comprehension of pictograms and symbols.adopt the International Pictogram Symbol of Access (ISO PI AC 001, also referred to as the International Symbol of Access) where applicable;Note: As it is universally recognized, the International Pictogram Symbol of Access is not required to be accompanied by raised text. Positioning braille within the field is possible.have signs that include tactile characters and braille to clearly communicate the meaning of the pictogram they display;contrast with their fields, with either a light pictogram on a dark field or a dark pictogram on a light field (see Clause 12.5 for colour contrast information);have their symbols appear on a field and be sized to fill it with the following measurements:the field to have a minimum height of 150 mm and be raised 0.8 mm – 1.5 mm from the surrounding surface; andthe symbol positioned on the field at 0.8-1.5 mm from the surface of the field;have symbols that are without a differentiated field at a minimum height of 100 mm; andconform to the non-reflective and low-glare requirements set out in Clause 12.4. ,

12.10 Audible signs

12.10.1 General

Audible signs provide additional information typically found on print or braille/tactile signs. Depending on the situation, they can be spoken in real time or activated by a push of a button.Audible signs shall:be loud enough to be easily heard, the volume may need to be increased depending upon the ambient noise level complying with Clause 12.10.3; andNote: Ambient noise levels vary, so consideration must be given to the range that the ambient noise level will be. The intent is to ensure that the audible sign can be clearly heard at all times by the intended user.be functional during a power outage.Note: An audio message may be used in addition to braille where practicable.

12.10.2 Usage of audible signs

Audible signs should be used to: convey safety information or warnings;identify emergency exits;indicate washrooms;identify major transit areas;identify major pedestrian crossings and hubs;provide information indicated on a building directory;identify reception and service areas; andindicate other important site features and amenities.

12.10.3 Audible signage performance

Audible information from audible signs shall:be clear and concise with a sound level from 60 to 90 decibels;be complemented by vibration for intercom systems to allow individuals to access buildings independently; andbe provided when visual displays are used to present information.

12.10.4 Activation of audible signs

Activation of audible signs shall:be automatic when audible information is transmitted in a public area with high traffic; andallow users to readily activate them when set to silent if they are not located in a high-traffic public area.Note 1: Automatic activation is preferred, particularly when the button to activate the audible information is difficult to locate or the information must be provided quickly. Note 2: Audible signs may be fitted with an audio input jack or provide Bluetooth connectivity to restrict ambient noise in the environment if appropriate.

12.10.5 Elevators

Audible signs in elevators shall use voice prompts to indicate:if the doors are open or closed;whether the elevator is going up or down; andon what floor the elevator has stopped. ,

12.11 Electronic and digital signage

12.11.1 General

Electronic and digital signage falls into two categories:Light Emitting Diode (LED) technologies that form letters and shapes via patterns of light-electrified dots.Refreshable display technologies, such as plasma and LCD that are used for dynamic visual output.The lighting and formation of electronic and digital signage help increase its visibility, making it easily noticeable in various lighting conditions. Lighting also allows a sign to be viewed from a distance, which makes electronic signs more effective. Electronic and digital signage shall:allow sufficient time for viewers to view the message complying with Clause 12.11.7;be tested by people with various abilities to find the right amount of time needed;not present information in a scrolling or animated format;provide high colour contrast for the text and background; andhave low-glare and low-reflection displays and protective screens.

12.11.2 Usage

Electronic signs are mainly used where the information lasts for a long time and does not change, such as in a pedestrian walk signal, public facility schedule, or a directional symbol for wayfinding. Digital signage is mostly used where the message can be changed, such as: digital signage units for next-customer alert systems at kiosks and airport departure and arrival schedules.Electronic and digital signage displays more information than can be displayed on a fixed screen, such as the screen on a building directory.Electronic and digital signage use shall accomplish the same functions as traditional signs by displaying content that clearly conveys the message regardless of what is being displayed.

12.11.3 Design and installation

The screen size of the unit and the size of the chassis, the accessible controls, feedback confirmation for actions like pressing buttons, and easy maintenance and repair are crucial for accessibility.Electronic and digital signage design and installation shall:account for:noise level and time-of-day traffic considerations;proximity to reflections by ambient lighting;proximity to reflective acoustic surfaces;proximity to physical obstacles to access within the built indoor or outdoor environment;direct placement in the path of sunlight; andinstallation considerations for indoor built environments (i.e., lighting and visual contrast).include features that allow remote activation and programming to adapt to changing circumstances, such as next stop alert systems on transit vehicles and queuing wait times at customer service hubs.

12.11.4 Illumination

Electronic and digital signage illumination design shall:favour models that allow for video brightness settings to be adjusted automatically according to local light conditions over those that have a pre-determined schedule, or which are user-defined;include a backlight feature to increase contrast and visibility in low-light conditions or in areas with high ambient lighting; andfavour display technologies such as LED displays that economize on electricity consumption.Note 1: Factors such as the display size, the expected hours of operation, and pixel pitch are considered to help determine and lower energy consumption.Note 2: Pixel pitch is the relative proximity of the light pixels that make up a LED display. Pixel pitch will dictate the best viewing distance when accessing on-screen information.

12.11.5 Reflectivity and clear visibility

Signs shall:have protective coatings or lenses installed on the display surfaces of electronic and digital signs, whether used indoors or outdoors, to promote durability, protect against impact, minimize the impact of weathering, and ensure clear visibility and perception in varying lighting and environmental conditions; anduse non-reflective matte screen finishes on electronic signs to display content with reduced glare and reflectivity.

12.11.6 Colour factors

Electronic and digital signage shall:avoid black backgrounds when placing LED-driven signage in the direct path of sunlight and instead use lighter backgrounds, to maintain the required ratios, indicated in this Clause;achieve a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for regular text and a ratio of 3:1 for large text when determining background and text colours;Note: Large text is defined as having a point size of 18 points or 14 points bold and larger, while regular text is consistent with font sizes usually found in body text.ensure that chosen colour combinations for text and background are tested for minimum contrast using a credible digital colour contrast analyzer;Note: See Clauses 10.2 and 12.5 for further information on colour contrast.favour solid backgrounds over gradient or pattern-based backgrounds to prevent confusion and reading difficulties; andavoid using colour as the sole means of communicating messaging.

12.11.7 Messaging

Consider how a person who obtains information through alternate methods like audio or tactile means can receive the same messaging easily. Some alternatives include accessible/inclusive seating, simultaneous audio presentation of the message, messaging available via audio by pressing a button or through a pre-recorded message via phone.Messaging shall:avoid scrolling text and motion in displayed content;be timed appropriately for electronic and digital signage, ensuring that the speed of changing messages allows for a best viewing time of 10 to 15 seconds per screen, based on a grade 8 reading level; anddisplay information in multiple languages by presenting the complete message in one language before transitioning to additional languages.

12.11.8 Animations, flashing elements and graphics

To reduce the possibility of harm to viewers and to promote a clear and comfortable reading experience across a wide public, the following shall be met:avoid flashing elements, text or backgrounds;reduce motion by avoiding the use of animated text, shapes or graphics; anddo not include graphics that have no connection to the message.

12.11.9 Acoustics

Audible accessibility for digital and electronic signage shall:accompany signs that display text with the equivalent audible messaging that conforms to one or more of the following:relay the message in real-time and in synchronicity with the messaging;relay information via digital audio recording by pressing a button, activating a sensor, scanning a QR code or picking up a telephone handset;offer acoustic alternatives for the display of complex messaging;when offering content with outputs to video and audio in real-time:achieve synchronization of video and sound elements within +/- 25 milliseconds.present the audio messaging equivalent of displayed content to synchronize the speech output.meet the amplification requirements of Clause 12.10.2 and 12.10.3 to make it perceptible above the environmental noise levels that exist or occur;ensure that when digital signage presents simultaneous spoken dialogue and sound design such as music, the accompanying track is lowered by -10 to -20 dB SPL to prevent barriers to message perception;not use acoustics as the equivalent for relayed displayed content; andnot use sound effects to accentuate messaging. Note: Providing a timbre and tone that is compatible across age demographics and accounts for the impact of hearing loss is good practice.

https://accessible.canada.ca/creating-accessibility-standards/can-asc-24-wayfinding-and-signage/12-signage

13. Maps (non-tactile)

13.1 General

Maps play a pivotal role in accessible wayfinding and signage, especially to understand and navigate complex environments. A wide range of map types, including location plans, guide maps, and navigation maps in printed and digital forms, serve distinct purposes and may require different or additional design standards.In outdoor spaces, directories and wayfinding kiosks should indicate current location (i.e., “You Are Here”), details to help with orientation (e.g., north arrow, landmarks, buildings), distances, and accessibility conditions (i.e., gradient, surface conditions, widths, obstacles, and hazards). ,

13.2 Information displayed

The information displayed shall be based on a study and understanding of users' needs, including their location, language proficiency, and specific route requirements. ,

13.3 Design

Map design and readability shall: use cartographic design elements to enhance clarity and usability such as title/subtitle, neat lines, legend, and orientation indicators when appropriate;clearly communicate the key theme(s) of the map; andensure that map elements contrast with the background, complying with Clause 10.2, 10.3, and 12.5. ,

13.4 Orientation

Orientation features, such as a north arrow or a “you are here” pin, shall be used to assist users in understanding the map's orientation and their current position. ,

13.5 Legend

Legends shall provide clear explanations of features on the map and be easily understandable. ,

13.6 Index

Maps shall include an index as part of the location plan or guide map to help users locate specific information. ,

13.7 Scale

The scale of the map shall:indicate distances required to reach facilities; anduse scale bars or typical walking times to effectively convey this information. ,

13.8 Positioning

Map positioning shall:be placed where users are likely to expect them, such as near entrances or decision points;be easily visible and mounted so that the centreline is 1400 mm from floor level; andavoid creating physical hazards in their placement. ,

13.9 Commercial elements

When maps are associated with advertising, commercial elements shall not interfere with users' ability to comprehend and utilize the map effectively. ,

13.10 Construction and maintenance

Location plans shall:be constructed of durable materials, appropriate to their position and expected service life;be easy to clean, repair, and update, as and when required;undergo regular inspections to ensure they remain legible, conspicuous, comprehensible, and accurate; andbe reviewed and revised as necessary whenever there is a change in the information within the area covered by the plan.

https://accessible.canada.ca/creating-accessibility-standards/can-asc-24-wayfinding-and-signage/13-maps-non-tactile

14. Annex A: Slip resistance measurement (informative)

The measurement of slip resistance for TWSIs has been evolving over the last 10 years. Currently there is no perfect solution. Slip resistance should be determined when manufactured, but also should be measured in situ at installation and over time. The location of a TWSI is affected by the conditions of use and environment which has made it difficult to come up with comparative method for all cases. Currently the experts favour the use of EN 16165:2021-Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces—Methods of evaluation, which gives the option of 3 slip resistance test methods (oil wet ramp, wet barefoot ramp and pendulum). The test methods in the EN 16165 standard are:Annex A (Normative) Barefoot ramp testAnnex B (Normative) Shod ramp testAnnex C (Normative) Pendulum testAnnex D (Normative) Tribometer testOf these the pendulum test is relevant to TWSIs, in particular, the following Clauses are considered key.C.3.4 Flatness of the surfaceIf the measurement surface is not sufficiently flat, it will not be possible to carry out a reliable measurement. In that case, a different section of the surface should be measured or else a different sample should be selected that does comply with the flatness criterion.The measurement surface should be rejected if the deviation from a straight line over the length of the surface exceeds 2.0 mm (concave or convex) or if the deviation from a straight line over the width of the surface exceeds 0.5 mm. This should be checked in the middle of the measurement surface with the help straight edges and a feeler gauge set over the appropriate length (135 mm) or width (80 mm).C.6.10 On profiled surfacing values of Pendulum Test Value (PTV) will often be found to be dependent on the angle between the direction of the test and the direction of the main profile axis and several tests at different angles can be necessary in order to determine the minimum slip resistance offered by that surface. When setting the measurement length of 124 mm, it is important that the slider should start on the top of the profile − this can mean moving the instrument.(C.6 deals specifically with making measurements on site, rather than in the laboratory.)Additional considerations: Experts also consider the following Australian standards to be useful:AS 4586:2013 Slip Resistance Classification of New Pedestrian Surface MaterialsAS 4586 specifies the requirements and methods for the classification of slip resistance in new pedestrian surface materials. Testing methods relevant to this Standard include:Wet Pendulum Test Dry Floor Friction TestWet Barefoot Inclining Platform TestOil-Wet Inclining Platform TestAS 4663:2013— Slip Resistance Measurement of Existing Pedestrian SurfacesAS 4663:2013 specifies the requirements and methods for measuring the slip resistance of existing pedestrian surfaces. Testing methods relevant to this Standard include:Wet Pendulum TestDry Floor Friction TestAS 4586:2013 and AS 4663:2013 include a definition of profiled surfaces: A surface with a designed raised geometrical pattern that provides volumetric displacement and specifies the test direction for our two types of indicators.For additional information, see: Australian Building Codes Board. 2020. Slip-resistance for stairways, landings and ramps, Advisory Note. https://www.abcb.gov.au/sites/default/files/resources/2020/Advisory-Note-Slip-Resistance.pdf

https://accessible.canada.ca/creating-accessibility-standards/can-asc-24-wayfinding-and-signage/14-annex-slip-resistance-measurement-informative

15. Annex B: Bibliography (Informative)

Note: Research findings from Accessibility Standards Canada’s Advancing Accessibility Standards Research Grants and Contributions Program informed the background research and development of this Standard. Related research reports are listed in the Bibliography below. ,

15.1 Acts

Government of Canada. S.C. 2019, c. 10. Accessible Canada Acthttps://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/a-0.6/ ,

15.2 Standards and Codes

CSA/ASC B651.2:2022, Accessible design for self-service interactive devices including automated banking machines https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2702626/ ICC A117.1-2017, Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/icca117-12017P4 City of Mississauga, 2015, Facility Accessibility Design Standards https://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/City_Of_Mississauga_Facility_Accessibility_Design_Standards.pdf City of Ottawa, 2015, Accessibility Design Standards, Second edition https://www.sarnia.ca/app/uploads/2019/12/City-of-Ottawa-Accessibility-Facility-Design-Standards.pdf EN 17210:2021, Accessibility and usability of the built environment—Functional requirements https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/458b7c84-e47b-479c-bc60-82e3e94a4057/en-17210-2021 EN 17210:2021, Accessibility and usability of the built environment—Technical Performance Criteria and Specifications https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/9ac3881a-305b-4b6a-836f-5f436fc1203c/cen-tr-17621-2021 ISO 7010:2019, Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs – Registered safety signs https://www.iso.org/standard/72424.html ISO 28564-1:2010, Public information guidance systems—Part 1: Design principles and element requirements for location plans, maps and diagrams https://www.iso.org/standard/44762.html ISO 28564-2:2016, Public information guidance systems—Part 2: Guidelines for the design and use of location signs and direction signs https://www.iso.org/standard/56797.html ISO 28564-3:2019, Public information guidance systems—Part 3: Guidelines for the design and use of information index signs https://www.iso.org/standard/67692.html ISO 28564-4:2023, Public information guidance systems—Part 4: Installation and assessment https://www.iso.org/standard/79608.html ISO/IEC 71:2014, Guide for addressing accessibility in standards https://www.iso.org/standard/57385.html ISO 17049:2013, Accessible design—Application of braille on signage, equipment and appliances https://www.iso.org/standard/58086.html ISO 21902:2021, Tourism and related services Accessible tourism for all—Requirements and recommendations https://www.iso.org/standard/72126.html ISO 23599:2019, Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired persons—Tactile walking surface indicators https://www.iso.org/standard/76106.html ISO 21542:2021, Building construction—Accessibility and usability of the built environment https://www.iso.org/standard/71860.html AS 1428.5-2010, Design for access and mobility, Part 5: Communication for people who are deaf and hearing impaired https://store.standards.org.au/product/as-1428-5-2010 ,

15.3 Online Resources

Braille Literacy Canada. 2024. Accessible Signage Guidelines (PDF) https://www.brailleliteracycanada.ca/storage/standards/BLC%20Accessible%20Signage%20Guidelines%202024.pdf Braille Literacy Canada. 2024. Accessible Signage Guidelines (Word) https://www.brailleliteracycanada.ca/storage/standards/BLC%20Accessible%20Signage%20Guidelines%202024.docx CNIB Foundation. Clearing Our Path Version 2.0 https://clearingourpath.ca/ CNIB Foundation. Clearing Our Path: Final Report—Clearing Our Path ASC Project https://clearingourpath.ca/index.php/final-report-clearing-our-path-asc-project/ D’Souza, C., Steinfeld, E., Paquet, V., and Feathers, D. 2011. Design Resources DR-20 Functional Reach Capability for Wheeled Mobility Users. Centre for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access http://idea.ap.buffalo.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2019/08/20.pdf Lei, D., Stepien-Bernabe, N. N., Morash, V. S., and MacKeben, M. 2019. Effect of modulating braille dot height on reading regressions. PLOS ONE, 14(4), e0214799 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214799 Zivarts, A. L. 2024. When driving is not an option. Island Press https://islandpress.org/books/when-driving-not-option#desc Swobodzinski, M., Parker, A., Schaller, E., and Snow, D. 2022. Pedestrian Wayfinding Under Consideration of Visual Impairment, Blindness, and Deafblindness: A Mixed-Method Investigation Into Individual Experiences and Supporting Elements-Final Report 1327. National Institute for Transportation and Communities https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/64796 Parker, A.T., Swobodzinski, M., Brown-Ogilvie, T., and Beresheim-Kools, J. 2020. The Use of Wayfinding Apps by Deafblind Travelers in an Urban Environment: Insights From Focused Groups. Frontiers Education, 5:572641 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2020.572641/full Parker, A.T., Swobodzinski, M., Wright, J., Hansen, K., Morton, B., and Schaller, E. 2021. Wayfinding Tools for People with Visual Impairments in Real-World Settings: A Literature Review of Recent Studies. Frontiers in Education, 6:723816 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.723816/full ,

15.4 Publications

Abel-Williamson, M. 2015. World Blind Union External Resource Paper: Universal Design. World Blind Union. Accessibility Now (2490196 Ontario Inc. (AccessNow)). 2023. Mapping Our Cities for All.British Columbia Aboriginal Network on Disability Society. 2025. First Nations Accessibility Standards — A Path Forward to Inclusion. (in English only)Canadian Association of the Deaf. 2023. Advancing Accessibility Standards for Deaf, Deaf-Blind and Hard of Hearing Canadians.Canadian Association of the Deaf. 2025. Quiet waves: Firsthand Experiences of Deaf, DeafBlind, and Hard of Hearing Individuals Reports of Barriers in Communication in the Built Environment.Carleton University. 2023. Informing Standards for Acoustics and the Built Environment.Carleton University. 2024. A Neurodivergent Lens: Recommended Practices for Neuroinclusivity.Dalhousie University. n.d. Mass Evacuation and People with Disabilities Final Report.Design For All Inc. 2023. Informing Standards Development for Federal Heritage Buildings: An Inclusive Iterative Process.Douglas, G., Weston, A., Whittaker, J., Morley Wilkins, S., and Robinson, D. 2008. Braille dot height research: Investigation of Braille Dot Elevation on Pharmaceutical Products FINAL REPORT. Eyecandy SIGNS Incorporated. 2023. Advancing Communication through Signage and Wayfinding.First Nations Health Authority. 2025. A Journey Towards Accessibility—perspectives from first nations in British Columbia.First Nations National Building Officers Association. 2021. Indigenous Communities and Federal Accessibility Standards: A Situational Review.Hidden Mobility Disabilities Alliance Ltd. 2024. Ensuring Accessibility for Persons with HMD (Limited Mobility).Mawita'mk Society. 2024. Hearing Their Voices From Isolation to Self-Determination.McMaster University. 2021. Sustainable Environment Needs to be Accessible: Understanding the Knowledge Base for Accessibility of Buildings and the Built Environment. (in English only)McMaster University. 2024. A Framework for Accessible Heritage Buildings & Structures Retrofits.Nunavummi Disabilities Makinnasuaqtiit Society. 2024. Advancing Accessibility Standards through Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit.Ontario College of Art and Design University. 2025. Accessible Canada, Accessible World.Quadrangle Architects Limited. 2024. Heritage for All: Removing Accessibility Barriers in Federal Heritage Buildings.Realize. n.d. INDEED (INvestigating the DEvelopment of Accessibility Standards in Canada and the Inclusion/Exclusion of Episodic Disabilities.Shirdale, L. 2017. Wayfinding-Safe Passage. Sign Builder Illustrated Sunnybrook Research Institute. 2025. Identifying priorities and developing collaborative action plans to improve accessible housing practice, policy, and research in Canada.Université Laval. 2024. AXC-Heritage—For a harmonious reconciliation between our heritage buildings and inclusive accessibility.University Health Network. 2021. Recommendations for Evacuating Individuals with Disabilities from the Built Environment.University Health Network. 2023. Recommendations for the Inclusion of Wayfinding Technologies in Canadian Accessibility Standards.University Health Network. 2024. A Park Accessibility Framework: Making National Parks Accessible to People with Disabilities.University of British Columbia. 2024. PARCOURS Parks for All.

https://accessible.canada.ca/creating-accessibility-standards/can-asc-24-wayfinding-and-signage/15-annex-b-bibliography-informative

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Date modified:: 2026-01-28